An XMM-Newton observation of Ark 120: the X-ray spectrum of a ‘bare’ Seyfert 1 nucleus

We report on a long (100 ks) XMM-Newton observation of the bright Seyfert 1 galaxy Arakelian 120. The source previously showed no signs of intrinsic reddening in its infrared– ultraviolet continuum and previous observations had shown no evidence for ionized absorption in either the ultraviolet or X-ray bands. The new XMM-Newton RGS data place tight limits on the presence of an ionized X-ray absorber and confirm that the X-ray spectrum of Ark 120 is essentially unmodified by intervening matter. Thus Ark 120 can be considered a ‘bare’ Seyfert 1 nucleus. This observation therefore offers a clean view of the X-ray spectrum of a ‘normal’ Seyfert galaxy free from absorption effects. The spectrum shows a Doppler broadened iron emission line (FWHM ∼ 3 × 10 km s) and a smooth, continuous soft excess which appears to peak at an energy ≈ 0.5 keV. This adds weight to the claim that genuine soft excesses (i.e. those due to a real steepening of the underlying continuum below ∼ 2 keV) are ubiquitous in Seyfert 1 spectra. However, the detailed shape of the excess could not be reproduced by any of the simple models tested (power-laws, blackbodies, Comptonised blackbodies, accretion disc reflection). This observation therefore demonstrates both the need to understand the soft excess (as a significant contributor to the luminosity of most Seyfert 1s) and the inability of the existing, simple models to explain it.